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The Hepatitis B Surface Antigen (HBsAg) Test is used to detect the presence of Hepatitis B virus (HBV) in the blood. It is the first marker to appear in acute and chronic HBV infections, indicating an active infection and potential for transmission.
✅ Screens for Hepatitis B Infection – Detects HBV in the early and chronic stages.
✅ Identifies Carriers of HBV – Some people remain asymptomatic but can spread the virus.
✅ Monitors Chronic HBV Patients – Helps track infection status.
✅ Required for Blood Donation & Pre-Surgical Screening – Ensures safety in medical procedures.
✅ Checks HBV Transmission Risk – Important for pregnant women to prevent transmission to newborns.
🩸 Blood Sample Collection – A blood sample is taken and tested using ELISA (Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay) or Chemiluminescent Immunoassay (CLIA).
| HBsAg Result | Interpretation | Next Steps |
|---|---|---|
| Positive (Detected) | Active HBV infection (acute or chronic) | Further tests needed (HBV DNA PCR, HBeAg, LFTs) |
| Negative (Not Detected) | No active HBV infection | May need further testing for past infection or immunity (Anti-HBs, Anti-HBc) |
📌 If HBsAg is positive for more than 6 months, it indicates chronic hepatitis B infection.
🔬 HBV DNA PCR Test – Confirms active infection and measures viral load.
🔬 HBV e Antigen (HBeAg) & Anti-HBe – Determines infectivity and disease phase.
🩺 Liver Function Tests (LFTs) – Assesses liver damage (ALT, AST).
📊 FibroScan or Liver Biopsy – Evaluates liver fibrosis or cirrhosis.
💉 Check Anti-HBc & Anti-HBs – Distinguishes between acute, chronic, or resolved infection.
| HBV Infection Stage | HBsAg | Other Markers |
|---|---|---|
| Acute Hepatitis B | Positive | Anti-HBc IgM (+), HBeAg (+), HBV DNA (+) |
| Chronic Hepatitis B | Positive (for >6 months) | Anti-HBc IgG (+), HBeAg (+/-), HBV DNA (+) |
| Recovered from HBV | Negative | Anti-HBs (+), Anti-HBc IgG (+) |
| Vaccinated Against HBV | Negative | Anti-HBs (+), Anti-HBc (-) |
✔ Pregnant women (to prevent transmission to newborns).
✔ Healthcare workers (to prevent occupational exposure).
✔ People with high-risk behaviors (unprotected sex, IV drug use).
✔ Patients undergoing surgery or blood transfusions.
✔ People with unexplained liver disease (elevated liver enzymes).
✔ HBsAg is the first marker of HBV infection and indicates active infection.
✔ A positive HBsAg result means the person can transmit the virus.
✔ Further tests (HBV DNA, HBeAg, Anti-HBc) are needed to determine the infection stage.
✔ Vaccination prevents HBV infection and protects against chronic disease.