Copper (Serum Test)

A serum copper test measures the amount of copper in the blood. Copper is an essential trace element that plays a role in enzyme function, red blood cell formation, iron metabolism, and nervous system health. However, both deficiency and excess can lead to health problems.

Why Measure Serum Copper?

1. Diagnosing Wilson’s Disease (Copper Overload)

   • Wilson’s disease is a rare genetic disorder where the body cannot properly excrete copper, leading to toxic accumulation in the liver, brain, and other organs.

   • In Wilson’s disease:

     • Serum copper is usually low (because copper is trapped in tissues).

     • Urine copper is high (due to excessive copper release from damaged liver cells).

2. Detecting Copper Deficiency

   • Copper deficiency can cause anemia, weakened immune function, neurological issues, and bone abnormalities.

   • Causes of deficiency include:

     • Malabsorption disorders (e.g., celiac disease, Crohn’s disease).

     • Zinc supplementation (excess zinc interferes with copper absorption).

     • Menkes disease (a rare genetic disorder affecting copper transport).

3. Assessing Copper Toxicity (Excess Copper Levels)

   • Copper poisoning can occur due to:

     • Excessive copper intake (contaminated water, supplements, industrial exposure).

     • Liver diseases (like cirrhosis, which impair copper regulation).

     • Certain genetic conditions.

4. Monitoring Ceruloplasmin-Related Disorders

   • Ceruloplasmin is a protein that binds copper in the blood.

   • Low ceruloplasmin + Low serum copper = Suggests Wilson’s disease.

   • Low ceruloplasmin + High serum copper = May suggest copper toxicity or chronic illness.

Normal Reference Range for Serum Copper:

• Adults: 70–140 mcg/dL

• Children: 90–190 mcg/dL

• Wilson’s Disease: Often <70 mcg/dL

• Copper Toxicity: >200 mcg/dL

Serum Copper vs. Other Copper Tests: